Increasing plant yield with bacterial/fungal combinations

ABSTRACT

A seed treated with a fungal/bacterial antagonist combination and a seed assembly comprising a seed and a fungal/bacterial antagonist combination. The fungal/bacterial antagonist combination comprises a  Trichoderma virens  fungal antagonist and a  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  bacterial antagonist for controlling plant pathogens as a biocontrol agent, bio-pesticide or bio-fungicide. In preferred embodiments, the invention produces an increase in plant yield. Control of early and late season stalk and root rot caused by fungi such as  Fusarium, Phythium, Phytophthora  and  Penicillium  in tomatoes, peppers, turf grass, soybeans, sunflower, wheat and corn is achieved.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/483,864 filed Sep. 11, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/035,397 filed Sep. 24, 2013 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/385,636 filed Feb. 28, 2012 (now abandoned), which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/228,696 filed Aug. 16, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,138), which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/940,036 filed Sep. 13, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,429,477), which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/067,185 filed Feb. 1, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,917) which claims priority or the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119 of U.S. provisional application No. 60/265,998 filed Feb. 2, 2001, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of Grant No. DMI-9901629 awarded by the National Science Foundation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a seed treated with a fungal/bacterial antagonist combination. In particular, the invention relates to a seed assembly comprising a fungal/bacterial antagonist combination for controlling plant pathogens.

Early and late season stalk and root rot are major causes of crop loss. A variety of plants are affected, including tomatoes, peppers, turf grass, soybeans, sunflower, wheat and corn. The pathogens that cause these symptoms include fungi of the genera Fusarium, Phythium, Phytophthora and Penicillium.

One approach to solving the problem of early season damping off of plants is treatment of seeds with fungicides, such as captan, metalaxyl and Maxim. Although these chemicals enhance seed germination and seedling stand by inhibiting the pathogenic ability of Phythium spp. (active in cool, wet soils), they have no activity against the pathogenic fungi that are responsible for late season root and stalk rot.

Fusarium and Penicillium are the pathogens responsible for late season root and stalk rot. These pathogens prefer the warm, dry conditions that occur late in the growing season. There is no chemical or biological fungicide available that addresses the problem of late season root and stalk rot in corn. Currently, the only way to deal with this problem is to periodically rotate to a non-susceptible crop to reduce pathogen numbers. Corn growers can also select hybrids that have better “standability,” but such hybrids usually have lower yields. Unfortunately, the corn varieties with the highest yields are usually those most susceptible to late season root and stalk rot.

Trichoderma is a genus of fungi that contains about 20 species. Synonyms for the genus name include Aleurisma and Sporoderma. Trichoderma virens, which is also called Gliocladium virens, is a member of the genus. The natural habitats of these fungi include soil and plant material. A member of the genus, Trichoderma harzianum KRL-AG2 (ATCC 20847) also known as strain T-22, is used as a biocontrol agent that is applied as a seed or soil treatment or on cuttings and transplants. Strains of the species, Trichoderma virens, have also been used for control of damping off diseases in plants. For example, Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens Gl-21 is known and commercially available at a reasonable price, and is being marketed under the trademark SoilGuard® 12G (EPA Registration Number: 70051-3 and EPA Establishment Number: 067250-IL-001). It is manufactured by Thermo Trilogy Corporation of Columbia, Md. Other known and commercially available Trichoderma virens strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 10043, 10044, 10045, 13213, 13362, 204067, 204443, 204444, 204445, 20903, 20904, 20906, 24290, 42955, 44327, 44734, 48179, 52045, 52199, 58676, 58677, 58678, 62399, 64271, 74180, 9645, MYA-297, MYA-298, MYA-649 and MYA-650.

Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, gram-positive, aerobic or (under some conditions) anaerobic bacteria. Bacillus species are widely found in soil and water and some have been used to control plant diseases, including root rot. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a spore-forming member of the genus. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens L.L. Campbell strain F (ATCC 23350) is the type strain for the species. Other known and commercially available Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 23842, 23843, 23844, 23845, 31592, 49763, 53495 and BAA-390 (Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 37:69-71, 1987; J. Bacteriol. 94:1124-1130, 1967).

In the past, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was also called Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens by some investigators. A protease produced from Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens is commonly used as a tenderized for raw meat products. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 is a naturally-occurring microorganism and widespread in the environment. Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24 (EPA Registration Number: 72098-5 and EPA Establishment Number: 73386-DEU-001) is known and commercially available at a reasonable price, being marketed under the trademark Taegro® by Earth Bioscience, Inc. of Fairfield, Conn.

Background art biocontrol products have comprised the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia, which is also known as Pseudomonas cepacia. This bacterium has been implicated as a human pathogen. Furthermore, it has little or no shelf life unless refrigerated at 4 degrees Centigrade at a minimum of 20 percent moisture.

The background art is characterized by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,476,881; 4,489,161; 4,642,131; 4,668,512; 4,678,669; 4,713,342; 4,724,147; 4,748,021; 4,818,530; 4,828,600; 4,877,738; 4,915,944; 4,952,229; 5,047,239; 5,049,379; 5,071,462; 5,068,105; 5,084,272; 5,194,258; 5,238,690; 5,260,213; 5,266,316; 5,273,749; 5,300,127; 5,344,647; 5,401,655; 5,422,107; 5,455,028; 5,409,509; 5,552,138; 5,589,381; 5,614,188; 5,628,144; 5,632,987; 5,645,831; 5,665,354; 5,667,779; 5,695,982; 5,702,701; 5,753,222; 5,852,054; 5,869,042; 5,882,641; 5,882,915; 5,906,818; 5,916,029; 5,919,447; 5,922,603; 5,972,689; 5,974,734; 5,994,117; 5,998,196; 6,015,553; 6,017,525; 6,030,610; 6,033,659; 6,060,051; and 6,103,228.

No single reference and no combination of the references teach the invention disclosed herein. The background art does not teach combinations of microorganisms disclosed herein, combinations that provide a surprising consistency of performance in plant disease control.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A purpose of the invention is to control the plant pathogens that cause early and late season root and stalk rot. Another purpose is to provide for season-long protection for plants from the pathogens that cause early and late season root and stalk rot. Another purpose is to provide consistent disease control for plants. Yet another purpose is to increase the yield of plants and plant seed production.

One advantage of the invention is that root and stalk rot can be controlled with a composition that is not toxic to humans. Another advantage of the invention is that root and stalk rot can be controlled more economically than with chemical fungicides. Yet another advantage of the invention is that it provides a biocontrol agent or bio-pesticide with extended shelf life. Thus, a seed can be treated with the biocontrol agent and stored for a period of months and still host a viable biocontrol agent that will colonize the root when the seed is placed in the ground, germinates and grows. Furthermore, the disclosed biocontrol agent is competitive with natural soil microbes that occur in the rhizosphere while providing pathogen protection for the plant. A further advantage of the invention is that the combination of a fungal/bacterial antagonist is more effective in controlling fungal pathogens in the plant rhizosphere than either a fungal antagonist or a bacterial antagonist alone. Thus, the invention provides an easy-to-use, effective means of controlling plant pathogens that have been only been controllable by rotation management. A further advantage of the invention is that its use produces more consistent results than the use of either a fungal antagonist or a bacterial antagonist alone, as shown by the Working Examples presented herein. In fact, use of the antagonist combinations disclosed herein is shown to be functional when use of its individual constituent antagonists is not.

The compositions disclosed herein may be integrated into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, the inventive compositions may be used in combination with other management systems. As an alternative to synthetic agents, biocontrol agents (bio-pesticides) offer the advantage of containing naturally derived constituents that are safe to both humans and the environment. Specifically, bio-pesticides offer such advantages as being inherently less toxic than conventional pesticides, generally affecting only the target pest and closely related organisms, and are often effective in very small quantities. For these reasons, bio-pesticides often decompose quickly and, therefore, are ideal for use as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.

The applicant has shown through a variety of laboratory and field trials that Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 and Trichoderma virens G1-3 are compatible with one another and that they act synergistically to consistently produce increased yield in plants. These results were presented in the parent application referenced above.

Field trials were conducted as part of the applicant's continuing research effort that tested other known Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) strains and other known Trichoderma virens isolates. The purpose of testing was to determine whether the surprising synergism between a Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens bacterium and a Trichoderma virens fungus disclosed in the parent application would be present between other strains and isolates of the same genus and species.

This testing by the applicant did result in the discovery of a synergistic activity between other isolates and strains of Trichoderma virens and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens. These results are presented in the final three working examples at the end of this document. The results show that other isolates of Trichoderma virens and other strains of Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens do have synergistic properties. The applicant's research has also confirmed that the combination of T. virens G1-3 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 is superior to combinations comprising any other tested strains, but that synergies among other combinations do exist. These synergies have led the applicant to the conclusion that his patent rights should include combinations of all Trichoderma virens isolates and all Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strains.

The invention is an inoculum, a seed coated with the inoculum, a plant protected with the inoculum, a method of producing the inoculum and a method of protecting a seed or a plant with the inoculum. A further embodiment of the inoculum comprises a combination of a fungus and a bacterium. Preferably, the fungus is a species of Trichoderma and the bacterium is a species of Bacillus, preferably a spore-forming strain of Bacillus. More preferably, the fungus is Trichoderma virens and the bacterium is Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens, although other combinations are also envisioned. Even more preferably, the fungus is Trichoderma virens G1-3 (ATCC 58678) or Trichoderma virens G1-21 (an isolate that is commercially available from Thermo Trilogy Corporation) and the bacterium is Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE (ATCC BAA-390) or Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24 (a strain that is commercially available from Earth Biosciences, Inc.).

Further embodiments of the invention comprise combining of a Trichoderma virens fungus and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium and placing this combination on a seed or in the vicinity of the seed or seedling. A person having ordinary skill in the art would understand that the names Trichoderma virens and Gliocladium virens are synonymous. The ATCC listing of this organism under ATCC Accession No. 58678 confirms its prior classification as Gliocladium virens.

In a further embodiment, the inoculum is produced by adding an essentially pure culture, a substantially pure culture, an axenic culture or a biologically pure culture of Trichoderma virens to a bioreactor containing molasses-yeast extract growth medium using a standard inoculation technique. The medium is agitated and aerated and its temperature is maintained at about 28 degrees Centigrade. After the Trichoderma virens is grown in the medium for about eight hours, an essentially pure culture, a substantially pure culture, an axenic culture or a biologically pure culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is added to the medium using a standard inoculation technique. The combined, competitive culture is grown under the aforementioned conditions and produces maximum cell and spore counts in approximately seven days. The combined culture is then used as an inoculum and is applied each seed at a rate of no less than about 1,000 spore counts per seed.

In a further embodiment, a solution containing an essentially pure culture, a substantially pure culture, an axenic culture or a biologically pure culture of the fungal antagonist Trichoderma virens is combined with a solution containing an essentially pure culture, a substantially pure culture, an axenic culture or a biologically pure culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in a 50/50 mixture by volume and is applied to a seed at a rate of no less than about 10,000 spore counts per seed.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention is an agricultural inoculum suitable for inoculating plant seeds comprising a Trichoderma virens fungal antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678, isolate G1-21 and mutants thereof; a Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens bacterial antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain ATCC BAA-390, strain FZB24 and mutants thereof, and a suitable carrier that is non-phytotoxic, non-bacteriostatic, and non-bactericidal. Suitable carriers include wettable clay based powders, dextrose granules or powders, sucrose granules or powders and maltose-dextrose granules or powders.

A further embodiment of the invention is a composition of matter comprising a plant seed inoculated with a combination comprising a Trichoderma virens antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678, isolate G1-21 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain ATCC BAA-390, strain FZB24 and mutants thereof, wherein said combination suppresses growth of plant pathogenic fungi.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention is a seed or plant inoculated with a combination selected from the group consisting of: a Trichoderma virens antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate G1-21 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain FZB24 and mutants thereof; a Trichoderma virens antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain FZB24 and mutants thereof; and a Trichoderma virens antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain FZB24 and mutants thereof, wherein the combination suppresses growth of plant pathogenic fungi.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention is a method of protecting a plant from disease caused by a plant pathogenic fungus comprising inoculating seeds from said plant with a combination comprising a Trichoderma virens fungal antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678, isolate G1-21 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterial antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain ATCC BAA-390, strain FZB24 and mutants thereof, wherein said combination suppresses growth of plant pathogenic fungi.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method of protecting a seed or a plant from disease caused by a plant pathogenic fungus comprising inoculating seeds from said plant with a composition comprising a Trichoderma virens fungal antagonist and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterial antagonist. Preferably, the fungal antagonist is selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678, isolate G1-21 and mutants thereof and the bacterial antagonist is selected from the group consisting of strain ATCC BAA-390, strain FZB24 and mutants thereof.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method of protecting a seed or a plant from disease caused by a plant pathogenic fungus comprising inoculating seeds from said plant with a composition comprising a fungal antagonist and a bacterial antagonist, wherein said combination suppresses growth of plant pathogenic fungi. A further embodiment is capable of control of the plant pathogen fungi Fusarium, Phythium, Phytophthora and Penicillium.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method of protecting a plant from disease caused by a plant pathogenic fungus comprising inoculating seeds from said plant with a composition selected from the group: a composition comprising a Trichoderma virens fungal antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterial antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain ATCC BAA-390 and mutants thereof, and a composition comprising a Trichoderma virens fungal antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate G1-21 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterial antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain FZB24 and mutants thereof, wherein said combination suppresses growth of plant pathogenic fungi.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention is a method for biologically controlling or inhibiting stalk rot or root rot comprising coating seeds with an effective amount of a composition comprising a Trichoderma virens isolate G1-21 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24.

A further embodiment of the invention is process for making a composition comprising introducing an essentially pure culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain FZB24) to a growth medium about eight hours after an essentially pure culture of Trichoderma virens (isolate Gl-21) is introduced to the growth medium and growing the culture as a competitive culture.

A further embodiment of the invention is a process comprising making a composition by combining an essentially pure culture of Trichoderma virens G1-3 (isolate G1-21) with an essentially pure culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain FZB24) in a 50:50 mixture and applying said composition to a seed at a rate of at least 100,000 spores per seed.

In one embodiment of the invention disclosed herein, the spore count applied per seed ranges from about 1,000 to about 1,000,000, regardless of seed size. In another embodiment of the invention, the spore count per seed is from about 1,000 to about 10,000. In a further embodiment of the invention, the spore count per seed is from about 10,000 to about 100,000. In a yet further embodiment of the invention, the spore count per seed is from about 100,000 to about 1,000,000. In a yet another embodiment of the invention, the spore count per seed is from about 1,000,000 to about 2,000,000.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method for protecting plants in a growing medium from damping off and root rot fungal plant disease comprising placing in the growing medium in the immediate vicinity of the plant to be protected an effective quantity of one of the fungal/bacterial combinations disclosed herein.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention is a method for protecting plants from fungal plant disease comprising adding one of the fungal/bacterial combinations disclosed herein in an effective quantity to a substrate such as pelletized calcium sulfate or pelletized lime and placing the pellet in the immediate vicinity of the plant to be protected. The pellet may or may not contain other nutrients.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method for protecting plants from fungal plant disease comprising adding one of the fungal/bacterial combinations disclosed herein in an effective quantity to a liquid solution such as water and applying the liquid solution in the immediate vicinity of the plant to be protected. The liquid may or may not contain additional nutrients and may include a chemical fungicide applied to the seed such as, for example, Maxim or captan. The disclosed combination may also be added to a plant nutrient (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK)) plus plant micro-nutrient solution that is compatible with the combination and applied as an in-furrow treatment.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method for biologically controlling a plant disease caused by a plant-colonizing fungus, the method comprising inoculating a seed of the plant with an effective amount of a microbial inoculant comprising a combination of microorganisms having all of the identifying characteristics of Trichoderma virens and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, said inoculation resulting in the control of said plant disease. The invention is also a method according to the above further embodiment wherein said inoculation results in the control of more than one plant disease.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention involves combining a Trichoderma virens fungal antagonist and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterial antagonist to enhance ease of use and longevity of shelf life both as a stored product and when applied to a seed. In a further embodiment, the invention involves applying the disclosed Trichoderma microorganism and the Bacillus microorganism to a wettable powder, in which form it is applied.

A further embodiment of the invention is composition of matter made by combining: a composition made by combing a plurality of antagonists selected from the group consisting of a Trichoderma virens antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate Gl-21 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain FZB24 and mutants thereof; a Trichoderma virens antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain FZB24 and mutants thereof; and a Trichoderma virens antagonist selected from the group consisting of isolate ATCC 58678 and mutants thereof and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens antagonist selected from the group consisting of strain FZB24 and mutants thereof; and a suitable carrier that is non-phytotoxic, non-bacteriostatic, and non-bactericidal.

A further embodiment of the invention is an antagonist for controlling plant pathogens made by combining effective amounts of: a fungal antagonist selected from the group of Trichoderma virens isolate (isolate G1-21) and mutants thereof; a bacterial antagonist selected from the group of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain FZB24) and mutants thereof; and a suitable carrier that is non-phytotoxic, non-bacteriostatic, and non-bactericidal. Preferably, the antagonist made by further combining with the antagonist an effective amount of another bacterial strain.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention is a seed assembly made by combining a plant seed with effective amounts of a Trichoderma virens fungal antagonist and a Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens bacterial antagonist. In a further embodiment, the seed is a seed of a plant selected from the group of a monocot, and a dicot. In a further embodiment, the seed is a seed of a plant selected from the group of a legume plant, and a non-legume plant. In a further embodiment, the seed is a seed of a plant selected from the group of corn, sunflower, soybean, field pea, and wheat.

A further embodiment of the invention is method for culturing a plant comprising: applying an antagonist disclosed herein to a seed or to the seedbed of the plant; planting the seed in the seedbed; growing the plant to yield a crop; and harvesting the crop; wherein said applying step increases the yield of the crop. In a further embodiment, the antagonist is applied to the seed or to the seedbed of a plant selected from the group of a monocot, and a dicot. In a further embodiment, the antagonist is applied to the seed or to the seedbed of a plant selected from the group of a legume plant, and a non-legume plant. In a further embodiment, the antagonist is applied to the seed or to the seedbed of a plant selected from the group of corn, sunflower, soybean, field pea, and wheat.

Plant species that may be treated with the disclosed invention include commercial crops species, e.g., barley, oat, millet, alfalfa. The disclosed invention may also be used to treat leguminous plants (e.g., soybeans, alfalfa, and peas) and non-leguminous plants (e.g., corn, wheat, and cotton). The disclosed invention may also be used to treat angiosperms and cereals.

Yet a further embodiment is a process comprising: making a composition by combining an essentially pure culture of Trichoderma virens (isolate G1-21) with an essentially pure culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain FZB24) in a mixture; and applying said composition to a seed; wherein said mixture ranges in composition from 10 to 90 percent Trichoderma virens (isolate G1-21) by volume and from 90 to 10 percent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain FZB24) by volume.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention is a process comprising: making a composition by combining an essentially pure culture of Trichoderma virens (isolate G1-21) with a plurality of essentially pure cultures of bacteria in a mixture; and applying said composition to a seed; wherein said mixture ranges in composition from 10 to 90 percent Trichoderma virens (isolate G1-21) by culture volume.

In one embodiment of the invention the mixture ranges in composition from 10 to 90 percent Trichoderma virens by volume and from 90 to 10 percent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by volume. In another embodiment of the invention, the mixture comprises about 20 percent Trichoderma virens by volume 80 percent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by volume. In a further embodiment of the invention, the mixture comprises about 30 percent Trichoderma virens by volume 70 percent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by volume. In a yet further embodiment of the invention, the mixture comprises about 40 percent Trichoderma virens by volume 60 percent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by volume.

A further embodiment of the invention is an antagonist for controlling plant pathogens made by combining effective amounts of: a fungal antagonist selected from the group of an isolate of Trichoderma virens and mutants thereof; a bacterial antagonist selected from the group a strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and mutants thereof; and a suitable carrier that is non-phytotoxic, non-bacteriostatic, and non-bactericidal. Preferably, the isolate is Trichoderma virens (isolate G1-21), which is presently EPA registered.

In a further embodiment, the invention is an antagonist for controlling plant pathogens made by combining effective amounts of: a fungal antagonist selected from the group of Trichoderma virens (isolate G1-21) and mutants thereof; a plurality of bacterial antagonists; and a suitable carrier that is non-phytotoxic, non-bacteriostatic, and non-bactericidal. Preferably, the plurality of bacterial antagonists comprises a strain of Bacillus lentimorbus.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention is a method comprising: combining a spore-forming fungal strain and a spore-forming bacterial strain to produce a product comprising a composition of matter disclosed herein; and applying the product to a plant or to a part of the plant; whereby application of the product produces yield enhancement in the plant.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention is a method comprising: applying a Trichoderma spp. microorganism and a Bacillus spp. microorganism to a wettable powder to produce a combination comprising an antagonist disclosed herein; and applying the combination to a seed; whereby application of the combination produces a positive yield response in a plant growing from the seed.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the invention is a process comprising: making a composition of matter disclosed herein; and applying said composition of matter to a seed; wherein said composition of matter ranges in composition from 1 to 99 percent Trichoderma virens by culture volume and from 99 to 1 percent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by culture volume.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention is a composition of matter comprising: a plant seed inoculated with an agricultural inoculum disclosed herein; wherein said combination increases the yield of the plant. In another preferred embodiment, the invention is a method for increasing the yield of a plant, the method comprising: coating a seed of the plant with an effective amount of an agricultural inoculum disclosed herein; and culturing the plant.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention is a composition made by combining effective amounts of: a spore-forming fungal antagonist; and a spore-forming bacterial antagonist; wherein the spore-forming fungal antagonist does not produce a substance that substantially inhibits the growth of the spore-forming bacterial antagonist and the spore-forming bacterial antagonist does not produce a substance that substantially inhibits the growth of the spore-forming fungal antagonist; and wherein the composition is effective at increasing the yield of a plant grown from a seed to which the composition has been applied. Preferably, the composition is effective at increasing the manganese content of the plant

The compositions of the present invention can be used for controlling fungal infestations by applying an effective amount of the composition or a formulation thereof, either at one point in time or throughout the plant/crop cycle via multiple applications. The formulation may be applied to the locus to be protected for example by spraying, atomizing, vaporizing, scattering, dusting, coating, watering, squirting, sprinkling, pouring, fumigating, and the like. The dosage of the bioagent(s) applied may be dependant upon factors such as the type of fungal pest, the carrier used, the method of application (e.g., seed, plant application or soil delivery) and climate conditions for application (e.g., indoors, arid, humid, windy, cold, hot, controlled), or the type of formulation (e.g., aerosol, liquid, or solid).

Biocontrol agents comprising the disclosed compositions may be applied in agricultural, horticultural and seedling nursery environments. This generally includes application of agents to soil, seeds, whole plants, or plant parts (including, but not limited to, roots, tubers, stems, flowers and leaves). Bio-pesticide or microbial combinations may be used alone, however, they may additionally be formulated into conventional products such as dust, granule, microgranule, pellet, wettable powder, flowable powder, emulsion, microcapsule, oil, or aerosol. To improve or stabilize the effects of the bio-pesticide, the agent may be blended with suitable adjuvants and then used as such or after dilution if necessary.

A worker skilled in the art would recognize that the bioagent(s) may be formulated for seed treatment either as a pre-treatment for storage or sowing. The seed may form part of a pelleted composition or, alternatively, may be soaked, sprayed, dusted or fumigated with the inventive compositions. Additionally, the inventive compositions may be applied to the soil or turf, a plant, crop, or a plantation. Some areas may additionally require that the invention provide for slow-release materials such that the agent is designed to have an extended release period.

In use, the invention disclosed herein may comprise the application of an aqueous or a non-aqueous spray composition to the crop. For example, the inventive composition may be applied to the soil, or to a plant part (e.g., stalk, root or leaf), or both, as an aqueous spray containing spray adjuvants such as surfactants and emulsified agricultural crop oils which insure that the agent is deposited as a droplet which wets the stalk or leaf and is retained on the plant so that agent can be absorbed.

The skilled artisan would realize that the inventive compositions may be applied in combination with nutrients (fertilizers) or herbicides or both, or may form part of a formulation comprising the inventive composition in combination with a fertilizer or herbicide or both. Such a formulation may be manufactured in the form of a liquid, a coating, a pellet or in any format known in the art.

The skilled artisan would realize that the inventive compositions may be applied to seeds as part of stratification, desiccation, hormonal treatment, or a mechanical process to encourage germination or to terminate dormancy. Treatments including the inventive agents in combination with hormones, PEG, or varying temperature, or in combination with mechanical manipulation of the seed (i.e. piercing), are contemplated.

Further aspects of the invention will become apparent from consideration of the drawings and the ensuing description of further embodiments of the invention. A person skilled in the art will realize that other embodiments of the invention are possible and that the details of the invention can be modified in a number of respects, all without departing from the inventive concept. Thus, the following drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features of the invention will be better understood by reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate presently further embodiments of the invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a plot that compares the incidence of stalk rot in TJ1300-treated plots versus the incidence of stalk rot in control plots.

FIG. 2 is a plot that compares final plant populations in TJ1300-treated plots versus final plant populations in control plots.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises the fungus Trichoderma virens isolate G1-3 (ATCC 58678) or other isolates. These microorganisms may be obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md., 20852-1776 and other culture collections or isolated from nature.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention comprises Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens isolate G1-21 which is being marketed under the trademark SoilGuard® 12G by Thermo Trilogy Corporation, 9145 Guilford Road, Suite 175, Columbia, Md. 21046.

A further embodiment of the invention also comprises the bacterium Bacillus lentimorbus TJ 1000, which is renamed herein Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE, based on a more accurate determination of the name of Bacillus species that occurred before the parent patent application was filed. This microorganism was deposited with the ATTC on Oct. 31, 2001, and was assigned accession number ATCC BAA-390. Alternative embodiments of the invention comprise other strains which can be isolated from nature or obtained from ATCC or other culture collections.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention is comprised of Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 which is being marketed under the trademark Taegro® by Earth Bioscience, Inc., 26 Sherman Court, PO Box 764, Fairfield, Conn. 06430.

A further embodiment of the invention involves combining an essentially pure culture of Trichoderma virens and an essentially pure culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in a competitive culture process. The competitive culture process involves adding the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to a growth medium about eight hours after the Trichoderma virens was added to the medium. The combined culture is then applied to a seed, for example, a corn seed. The combination grown in a competitive culture provides protection for seeds and plants and is especially effective in a high-stress, high-fungal pathogen environment during the early stages of plant development.

A further embodiment of the invention involves growing an essentially pure culture of Trichoderma virens and an essentially pure culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 separately for five days. After the cultures are grown separately, the compositions that contain them are combined in a 50/50 combination by volume and then the combination is applied to a seed, for example, a corn seed. The combined cultures are applied to a seed provides protection for seeds and plants from fungal pathogens. This combination is especially effective under conditions that are less stressful to the plant.

A further step in the process involves applying either of the above combinations to a seed involves adding an aqueous solution comprising 30 grams/liter of molasses to the solution containing the combination to produce an appropriate spore count in the resulting composition. The resulting composition is then applied to the seed as a liquid mist to achieve optimum application rates per seed using the molasses as an adhesive to adhere the spores to the seed.

In a further embodiment, the bioreactor used to culture the microorganism cultures is a New Brunswick Bioflow III bioreactor. For optimal results, the agitation setting of the bioreactor is set at about 350 rpm, the aeration setting of the bioreactor is set at about 3.0 with an aeration air pressure of about 15 pounds per square inch and the temperature setting is set at about 28 degrees Centigrade. The further growth medium for each of the individual cultures and the combined competitive culture comprises about 30 grams per liter of molasses and about 5 grams per liter of yeast extract and is referred to as a MYE medium. In A further embodiment, the medium contains about 5 milliliters of antifoam. In a further embodiment, spore production is measured by counting spores using a hemacytometer manufactured by Hausser Scientific.

A variety of seed treatments or no seed treatment may be practiced before the seed is inoculated with the disclosed inoculum. In some further embodiments, seed treatments include osmotic priming and pre-germination of the seed. Because Trichoderma virens and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens are spore formers, the disclosed inoculum does not require high moisture levels for survival and, therefore, can be applied to seed and other materials without a sticker, such as those sold under the trade names Pelgel (LipaTech), Keltrol (Xanthan) Cellprill or Bond.

In a further embodiment, the invention involves combining of a spore forming fungal strain and a spore forming bacterial strain to enhance ease of use and longevity of shelf life both as a stored product and when applied to a seed. In A further embodiment, the invention involves applying the disclosed Trichoderma microorganism and the disclosed Bacillus microorganism to a wettable powder, and marketing the wettable powder.

First Greenhouse Working Example

Greenhouse testing was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the disclosed biocontrol agents. Treated and untreated corn seeds were grown in soil infested with seven percent Fusarium infested wheat seed. In this testing, the following treatment codes were used:

CONTROL—Nothing on the seed

TJ 1000—Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE

TJ 0300—Trichoderma virens G1-3

TJ 1300-50/50 combination of Trichoderma virens G1-3 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE

TJ 1310—competitive culture of Trichoderma virens G1-3 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE, resulting in a 70/30 ratio of Trichoderma to Bacillus

The results of greenhouse testing are presented in Table 0. The rating scale used was 9=worst plant protection and 1=best plant protection. Seed treated with biocontrol organisms grown in competitive culture showed an increase in plant protection over seed treatments with the same biological control organisms grown in non-competitive culture. The biocontrol agents were applied to the seed without a sticker.

TABLE 0 Greenhouse Testing Results Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3 Average Control 9 7 6 7.3 TJ 0300 6 5 5 5.3 TJ 1000 7 6 5 6 TJ 1300 6 5 6 5.6 TJ 1310 1 3 3 2.3

Field Trials Working Example

In a subsequent experiment, field trials were conducted at seven locations throughout the U.S. Site locations included Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, North Dakota and two South Dakota locations. At each location, the trial contained a CONTROL that was treated with the industry-standard chemical treatment, MAXIM. All cultures used in the trial were grown in MYE broth for five days. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE was cultured individually (non-competitive) and with Trichoderma virens G1-3 (competitive culture). Trichoderma virens G1-3 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE were also grown in non-competitive culture were also applied to the same seed to test the effectiveness of non-competitive culture versus competitive culture. Corn seeds were treated to give a final concentration of 1,000,000,000 bacterial/fungal spores per acre. Seed treatment was done with a Gustafson benchtop seed treater, Model BLT.

The plot location in Kansas was severely damaged by early dry conditions and the plot was terminated prior to harvest. The Colorado location was damaged due to machine damage prior to harvest. Colorado yield data were collected but were extremely variable and were not included in the analyzed data set. The Colorado stalk rot data were included in the data set.

The value of the Stalk Rot variable was determined by counting ten plants in a row, determining the number of root rot/stalk rot infected plants and expressing that number as a percentage. As illustrated in FIG. 1, in six trials, the average infection rate in the control was 55.13 percent versus 38.62 percent in the entries treated with the fungal/bacterial combination, TJ1300. The data revealed an average reduction of disease incidence of 30 percent with the Colorado location showing a reduction of over 60 percent.

The value of the Final Population variable was determined by a conducting a physical count of the plants in a measured area and converting to a per acre count. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the average increase in final plant population was 3,742 plants per acre or an increase of 12.2 percent. This increased population was the result of controlling the disease early and having less plant death throughout the season.

Use of TJ1300 resulted in an average yield benefit of 5.35 bushels per acre. Average yield was determined from eight trials: 4 in South Dakota, 1 in North Dakota, 2 in Arizona, and 1 in Montana.

Second Greenhouse Working Example

Greenhouse Methods: All test cultures were grown in MYE (three percent Molasses, 0.5 percent Yeast Extract) broth for five days. Bacteria were grown up individually (non-competitive) and with T. virens G1-3 (competitive culture). T. virens G1-3 was also grown in a non-competitive culture for testing. T. virens G1-3 and test bacteria grown in non-competitive culture were also applied to the same seed to test the effectiveness of non-competitive culture versus competitive culture. Corn seeds were treated to give a final concentration of 1×10⁹ bacteria/fungal spores (may also be referred to a Colony Forming Units or CFU) per acre. Seed treatment was done with a Gustafson Benchtop Seed Treater, Model BLT. Seeds were grown in soil infested with seven percent Fusarium-infested wheat seed. After four weeks, plant heights were taken as well as plant biomass. Plant heights were taken by measuring from the soil line to the tallest leaf, biomass of the plants was taken by cutting the plants at the soil line and then weighing plants on analytical scale. The treatment matrix was as follows:

Control—No pathogen added to soil.

Control—With pathogen added to soil.

TJ1000—Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE

TJ0300—Trichoderma virens G1-3

TJ2000—Erwinia carotovora

TJ1300—B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3 (non-competitive)

TJ2300—E. carotovora and T. virens G1-3 (non-competitive)

TJ1310—B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3 (competitive)

TJ1-2310—B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE, E. carotovora and T. virens G1-3 (competitive)

TJ2310—E. carotovora and T. virens G1-3 (competitive)

Determination of CFU (Colony Forming Units) concentrations in competitive cultures: Competitive cultures grown for five days. CFU counts of each organism were performed using a hemacytometer (Hausser Scientific) under light microscopy 5000× magnification. This method was used to determine the CFU counts in the greenhouse and field trials.

Enumeration through plate counts: Competitive cultures were grown for five days in submerged culture then 200 milliliters (ml) of the culture was harvested and aliquoted into four 50 ml centrifuge tubes. After centrifugation at 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes resulting pellets were washed twice in equal volumes of D₂H₂O. Pellets were then re-suspended in 25 ml of saline. One ml samples were diluted 10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁸ and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Colonies are then counted and correlated with the dilution rates to determine CFU per ml of culture broth.

Results: All of the biocontrol agents in this experiment produced significant plant biomass increases over the pathogen-treated control and all of the treatments were numerically greater than the control plants in soil that contained no pathogen. The effects of bacterial/fungal combination TJ 1310 and the bacterial treatment TJ 1000 were significantly greater than both controls in the experiment.

TABLE 1 Demonstration of the Effectiveness of Biological Combinations and Individual Bacteria and Individual Fungal Treatments on Increasing the Biomass of Greenhouse-Grown Corn Seedlings in Pathogen-Treated Soil vs. the Untreated Control Treatment Ratio Rank Biomass (grams) Control Path 0/0 10  3.62 a Control No Path 0/0 9  7.25 ab TJ 1300 50/50 8  8.67 b TJ 2310 30/70 7  9.04 b TJ 2000 100/0  6 10.73 b TJ 1-2310 20/20/60 5 11.37 b TJ 2300 50/50 4 11.41 b TJ 0300  0/100 3 11.53 b TJ 1310 30/70 2  12.24 bc TJ 1000 100/0  1  12.89 bc CV % 33.9   LSD (0.05) 4.55 

Combinations Field Trial Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the corn variety NK 3030Bt using the following biological treatments of the seed at a rate of approximately 10⁶ CFU per seed. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 25,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at a location near Groton, S. Dak. The entries were as follows:

Control: Maxim Seed treatment (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection)

TJ 1000—Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE

TJ 0300—Trichoderma virens G1-3

TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ 1310—Coculture 30/70 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ 66/300—50/50 combination of Bacillus lentimorbus and T. virens G1-3

Results: The trial produced significant yield response over the control with the entries TJ 0300, TJ 1300, and TJ 1310. The combinations TJ 1300 and TJ 1310 produced a yield response numerically greater than that of TJ 0300. The effects of bacterial/fungal combination TJ 66/300 and the bacterial treatment TJ 1000 were numerically greater than the control but not significantly greater. The results are presented in Table 2.

Conclusion: The bacterial/fungal combinations of entries TJ 1300 and TJ 1310 are the most effective biocontrol treatments in the trial for increasing the yield of corn.

TABLE 2 Effect of Biological Seed Treatment on Yield of Corn Variety N3030 Bt under Field Conditions. Treatment Ratio Rank Location Trial Yield Control Maxim 0/0 6 Groton, SD Seed Treat 164.8 a  TJ 1000 100/0  4 Groton, SD Seed Treat 175.1 ab TJ 0300  0/100 3 Groton, SD Seed Treat 179.5 bc TJ 1300 50/50 2 Groton, SD Seed Treat 183.3 bc TJ 1310 30/70 1 Groton, SD Seed Treat 189.8 c  TJ 66/300 50/50 5 Groton, SD Seed Treat 173.2 ab CV % 13.54  LSD(0.05) 12.5 

50/50 Combination Field Trial Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the corn variety NK 3030Bt using the following biological treatments of the seed at a rate of approximately 10⁶ CFU per seed. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 25,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized replicated block. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at a location near Groton, S. Dak. The entries were as follows:

Control: Maxim Seed treatment (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection)

TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

Results: As indicated in Table 3, the trial produced a significant response in the yield of the seed treated with the biocontrol agent TJ 1300 (described above) as compared with the untreated control.

TABLE 3 Effect of Biological Seed Treatment on Yield of Corn Variety NK 3030Bt under Field Conditions. Treatment Ratio Rep Location Yield Control 0/0 1 Groton, SD 156.8 Control 0/0 2 Groton, SD 163.3 Control 0/0 3 Groton, SD 151.0 Average 0/0 Groton, SD   157.03 a 1300 50/50 1 Groton, SD 184.3 1300 50/50 2 Groton, SD 179.1 1300 50/50 3 Groton, SD 177.3 Average 50/50 Groton, SD   180.21 b CV %   5.65 LSD (0.05%)   9.04

Application Rate Field Trial Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the corn variety NK2555 using the TJ 1300 (50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3) biological treatments of the seed at variable rates. The purpose of the trial was to identify the most effective application rate for the bacterial/fungal combination of TJ 1300. The 1× rate was approximately 1×10⁶ CFU per seed. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 25,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at a location near Groton, S. Dak. The entries were as follows:

Control—Maxim (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection)

0.5× rate

1× rate

1.5× rate

2× rate

Results: All of the biocontrol treatments in this experiment resulted in significant yield response over the control with the 1.5× rate producing significantly better results than the 2× rate. The results of this trial, presented in Table 4, indicated that the most efficacious application rate of the biocontrol agent TJ 1300 was approximately 1.5×10⁶ per seed.

TABLE 4 Effect of TJ1300 Biological Seed Treatment on Yield of Corn Variety N2555 at Variable Rates Treatment Ratio Rank Location Trial Yield Control 0/0 5 Groton, SD Rate 140.2 a  0.5x rate 50/50 3 Groton, SD Rate 153.6 bc   1x rate 50/50 2 Groton, SD Rate 156.2 bc 1.5x rate 50/50 1 Groton, SD Rate 161.1 c    2x rate 50/50 4 Groton, SD Rate 152.07 b CV %  5.31 LSD (0.05%)  8.61

Liquid Biocontrol Preparations Working Example

Materials and Methods: Field trials were conducted using the corn varieties NK 3030 and NK 3030Bt at a location in Brookings, S. Dak. and NK 3030Bt and NK2555 at a location in Groton, S. Dak. The purpose of the trial was to compare pathogen control of liquid biocontrol preparations to a control treated with only water. The results of the trial were quantified in yield of corn in bushels per acre. The water was applied to the control at a 10 gallon per acre rate. Biocontrol treatments were prepared by adding 1×10⁸ CFU per gram of a wettable powder (Mycotech, Inc.). Two and one half grams of the wettable powder was added per one gallon of water and soil applied in the seed furrow at a rate of 10 gallons per acre. The seed was Maxim (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection) treated and was planted at a seeding rate of 25,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at each location. The entries were as follows:

Control—Water

TJ 1000—Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE

TJ 0300—Trichoderma virens G1-3

TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ 1310—Coculture 30/70 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ 66/300—50/50 combination of Bacillus lentimorbus and T. virens G1-3

Results: Table 5 shows a significant yield increase to the biocontrol treatments of TJ 1000, TJ1300, and TJ 66/300. All of the biocontrol treatments showed a numerical yield increase.

Table 6 shows a significant yield increase to the biocontrol treatments of TJ1000, TJ0300, and TJ1300. Again, all of the biocontrol treatments showed a numerical yield increase.

Table 7 shows no significance in the yield between the treatments and the control, however, the yield of TJ0300 was numerically less than the control by over 10 bushels per acre and is significantly less than the yields of the TJ1000 and TJ 1310 bacterial/fungal combination. This table demonstrates the strength of the disclosed bacterial/fungal combinations over the fungal control alone.

Table 8 shows the treatments of TJ 1000 and TJ 66/300 with significantly less yield than the control while the treatments of TJ0300, TJ1300, and TJ1310 having no significant difference. In this trial, it was the bacterial entry of TJ1000 alone that shows weakness in pathogen control. This table demonstrates the strength of disclosed bacterial/fungal combinations over the bacterial treatment alone.

Conclusion: The bacterial/fungal combination of entries TJ 1300 and TJ 1310 produce consistent pathogen control and/or yield response, while the bacteria entry of TJ 1000 alone and fungal entry of TJ 0300 alone produce inconsistent pathogen control and/or yield response.

TABLE 5 Liquid Drench Treatment on Corn Variety NK3030 at Brookings, SD Location Treatment Variety Ratio Rank Location Trial Yield Control NK3030 0/0 6 Brookings, SD Liquid 162.2 a TJ1000 NK3030 100/0  1 Brookings, SD Liquid 179.7 b TJ0300 NK3030  0/100 5 Brookings, SD Liquid 170.7 ab TJ1300 NK3030 50/50 2 Brookings, SD Liquid 177.9 b TJ1310 NK3030 30/70 4 Brookings, SD Liquid 172.8 ab TJ66/300 NK3030 50/50 3 Brookings, SD Liquid 175.0 b CV %  7.38 LSD (0..20%)  12.36

TABLE 6 Liquid Drench Treatment on Corn Variety NK2555 at Groton, SD Location Treatment Variety Ratio Rank Location Trial Yield Control NK2555 0/0 6 Groton, SD Liquid 136.2 a TJ1000 NK2555 100/0  1 Groton, SD Liquid 147.7 c TJ0300 NK2555  0/100 2 Groton, SD Liquid 145.0 bc TJ1300 NK2555 50/50 3 Groton, SD Liquid 142.5 bc TJ1310 NK2555 30/70 4 Groton, SD Liquid 141.5 abc TJ66/300 NK2555 50/50 5 Groton, SD Liquid 138.5 abc CV %  10.92 LSD (0.20%)  8.42

TABLE 7 Liquid Drench Treatment on Corn Variety NK 3030Bt at Brookings, SD Location Treatment Variety Ratio Rank Location Trial Yield Control NK3030Bt 0/0 4 Brookings, SD Liquid 181.5 ab TJ1000 NK3030Bt 100/0  2 Brookings, SD Liquid 185.5 b TJ0300 NK3030Bt  0/100 6 Brookings, SD Liquid 171.3 a TJ1300 NK3030Bt 50/50 5 Brookings, SD Liquid 180.7 ab TJ1310 NK3030Bt 30/70 1 Brookings, SD Liquid 185.8 b TJ66/300 NK3030Bt 50/50 3 Brookings, SD Liquid 181.6 ab CV %  6.32 LSD (0.20%)  11.40

TABLE 8 Liquid Drench Treatment on Corn Variety 3030Bt at Groton, SD Location Treatment Variety Ratio Rank Location Trial Yield Control NK3030Bt 0/0 2 Groton, SD Liquid 173.9 c TJ1000 NK3030Bt 100/0  6 Groton, SD Liquid 164.1 a TJ0300 NK3030Bt  0/100 4 Groton, SD Liquid 171.3 abc TJ1300 NK3030Bt 50/50 3 Groton, SD Liquid 171.5 abc TJ1310 NK3030Bt 30/70 1 Groton, SD Liquid 176.3 c TJ66/300 NK3030Bt 50/50 5 Groton, SD Liquid 164.4 ab CV %  10.92 LSD (0.20%)  8.42

Compatibility with Dry Granule Micro-Nutrient Fertilizer Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the corn variety NK 3030Bt at a location in Groton, S. Dak. The purpose of the trial was to compare the compatibility and yield benefit of the biocontrol preparation TJ1300 in combination with a dry granule micro-nutrient fertilizer vs. the micro-nutrient fertilizer alone vs. a control with no micro-nutrient fertilizer. The micro-nutrient fertilizer is sold commercially by the applicant under the trademark TJ Micromix™. Biocontrol treatments were prepared by adding 1×10⁶ CFU per seed. The control seed was Maxim (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection) treated with the biocontrol treatments applied in addition to the Maxim. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 25,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. TJ Micromix™ was applied at a rate of 20 pounds per acre. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at each location. The entries were as follows:

-   -   Control: Maxim     -   TJ Micromix     -   TJ Micromix+TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens         TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

Results: In this trial, as shown in Table 9, the Granular TJ Micromix produced a non-significant yield increase compared to the control. When the seed-applied biocontrol treatment TJ1300 was applied in combination with the TJ Micromix, the treatment resulted in a significant increase in yield.

Conclusion: The trial shows that TJ 1300 is compatible with micro-nutrient applications and the combination produces a significant yield response.

TABLE 9 Effect of TJ Micromix and TJ Micromix + TJ 1300 on Corn Variety NK 3030Bt Treatment Variety Rank Location Trial Yield Control NK3030Bt 3 Groton, SD Fertilizer 157.0 a  TJ Micromix NK3030Bt 2 Groton, SD Fertilizer 163.3 ab  TJ Micromix + NK3030Bt 1 Groton, SD Fertilizer 175.5 b  TJ 1300 CV % 9.04 LSD (0.05%) 5.64

Compatibility with Liquid Chelate Micro-Nutrient Fertilizer Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the corn variety NK 3030Bt at a location in Groton, S. Dak. The purpose of the trial was to compare the compatibility and yield benefit of the biocontrol preparation TJ1300 in combination with a liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer vs. the liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer alone. The liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer is sold commercially under the Trademark TJ Micromix™-Cornmix. Biocontrol treatments were prepared by adding 1×10⁶ CFU per seed. The control seed was Maxim (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection) treated with the biocontrol treatments applied in addition to the Maxim. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 25,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. TJ Micromix™-Cornmix was applied at a rate of 1.5 quarts per acre. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at the location. The entries were as follows:

Control: Maxim+Liquid Chelate TJ Micromix

TJ Micro+TJ1000: Liquid Chelate TJ Micromix plus TJ 1000—B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE

TJ Micro+TJ0300: Liquid Chelate TJ Micromix plus TJ 0300—T. virens G1-3

TJ Micro+TJ1300: Liquid Chelate TJ Micromix+TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1 BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ Micro+TJ1310: Liquid Chelate TJ Micromix+TJ 1310—Coculture 30/70 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1 BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ Micro+TJ66/300: Liquid Chelate TJ Micromix+TJ 66/300—50/50 combination of Bacillus lentimorbus and T. virens G1-3

Results: As shown in Table 10, the biocontrol treatments TJ1000, 66/300, and 1300 combined with the liquid chelate TJ Micromix resulted in a significant increase in yield over the control of TJ Micromix alone. The other biocontrol entries showed numerical but non-significant increases in yield. The conclusion was that the biocontrol agents used in this study are compatible with liquid chelate micro-nutrient applications. This biocontrol/liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer combination is a viable means to significantly increase the yield of corn.

TABLE 10 Effect of TJ Micromix Liquid Chelate and TJ Micromix Liquid Chelate + TJ 1300 on Yield of Corn Variety NK3030Bt Treatment Variety Ratio Rank Location Trial Yield Control NK3030Bt 0/0 6 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 161.0 a Micromix TJ Micro + NK3030Bt 100/0  3 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 173.0 bc TJ 1000 Micromix TJ Micro + NK3030Bt  0/100 5 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 163.0 ab TJ 0300 Micromix TJ Micro + NK3030Bt 50/50 1 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 183.7 c TJ1300 Micromix TJ Micro + NK3030Bt 30/70 4 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 172.0 ab TJ 1310 Micromix TJ Micro + NK3030Bt 50/50 2 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 173.2 bc TJ 66/300 Micromix CV %  11.2 LSD (0.05%)  12.36

Sunflower Dry Granule Micro-Nutrient Fertilizer Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the sunflower variety Pioneer 63M80 NuSun at a location in Hazelton, N. Dak. The purpose of the trial was to compare the compatibility and yield benefit of the biocontrol preparation TJ1300 in combination with a dry granule micro-nutrient fertilizer vs. the micro-nutrient fertilizer alone vs. a control with no micro-nutrient fertilizer. Analyzing yield of sunflower is a function of seed yield in pounds per acre and the amount of oil in the seed which is expressed as a percentage. The micro-nutrient fertilizer is sold commercially under the Trademark TJ Micromix™. Biocontrol treatments were prepared by adding 1×10⁶ CFU per seed. The control seed was Maxim (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection) treated with the biocontrol treatments applied in addition to the Maxim. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 22,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. TJ Micromix™ was applied at a rate of 20 pounds per acre. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at the location. The entries were as follows:

Control: Maxim

TJ Micromix

TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ Micromix+TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

Results: As shown in Table 11, in this trial, the Granular TJ Micromix produced a significant yield increase and a significant oil percentage increase compared to the control. When the seed-applied biocontrol treatment TJ1300 was applied in combination with the TJ Micromix, the treatment resulted in a significant increase in yield as compared to the control but not significantly different from the TJ Micromix application alone. The yield of the TJ 1300+TJ Micromix was numerically higher in yield. The conclusion was that TJ 1300 is compatible with micro-nutrient applications and may be a viable tool to increase the yield of sunflower.

TABLE 11 Effect of TJ1300 Liquid Biological Treatment Plus Dry Granular TJ Micromix on Yield of Nu-sun Sunflower Variety 63M80 Treatment Rank Location Trial Yield Oil Control Hazelton, ND TJ Micro 1709.7 a  44.8 a TJ Micromix Hazelton, ND TJ Micro 1857.3 bc 47.2 b TJ 1300 Hazelton, ND TJ Micro 1734.7 ab 45.5 a TJ 1300 + TJ Hazelton, ND MM 1864.7 bc 44.9 a Micromix CV %  7.48  4.67 LSD (0.20) 132.8  1.5 

Sunflower Liquid Chelate Micro-Nutrient Working Example

Materials and Methods: Field trial was conducted using the sunflower variety Pioneer 63M80 NuSun at 3 locations: Hazelton, N. Dak.; Kensal, N. Dak.; and Selby, S. Dak. The purpose of each trial was to compare the compatibility and yield benefit of the biocontrol preparation TJ1300 in combination with a liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer vs. an untreated control. Analyzing yield of sunflower is a function of seed yield in pounds per acre and the amount of oil in the seed which is expressed as a percentage. The liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer is sold commercially under the Trademark TJ Micromix™. Biocontrol treatments were prepared by adding 1×10⁸ CFU per gram to a wettable powder (Mycotech, Inc). 25 grams of the wettable powder was then added to 1.5 quarts of liquid chelate TJ Micromix and the combination applied in the seed furrow at a rate of 1.5 quarts per acre. The control seed was Maxim (Maxim is a trademark of Syngenta Crop Protection) treated with the biocontrol treatments applied in addition to the Maxim. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 22,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at each location. The entries were as follows:

Control—no treatment

TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens G1-3 and T. virens G1-3

TJ1300+TJ Micromix—Liquid chelate TJ Micromix+50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens and T. virens

Result: As shown in Table 12, TJ Micromix liquid and the combination of TJ Micromix plus TJ 1300 both gave sunflower a significant increase in yield. TJ 1300+TJ Micromix produced an additional numerical increase in yield over the TJ Micromix alone.

Conclusion: TJ 1300+TJ Micromix is a viable means of biocontrol delivery on sunflower and is a viable means of increasing the seed yield of sunflower.

TABLE 12 Effect of TJ1300 Biological Liquid Plus Liquid TJ Micromix Fertilizer on Yield of Nu-sun Sunflower Variety 63M80 Treatment Ratio Location Trial Yield Oil Control 0/0 Hazelton, Liquid TJ 1709.7 44.8 ND Micro TJ 1300 50/50 Hazelton, Liquid TJ 1765.0 45.5 ND Micro TJ1300 + TJ 50/50 Hazelton, Liquid TJ 1992.3 45.9 Micromix ND Micro Control 0/0 Kensal, Liquid TJ 2000.3 N/a ND Micro TJ1300 50/50 Kensal, Liquid TJ 2159.0 N/a ND Micro TJ1300 + TJ 50/50 Kensal, Liquid TJ 2329.0 N/a Micromix ND Micro Control 0/0 Selby, Liquid TJ 2225.0 43.2 SD Micro TJ 1300 50/50 Selby, Liquid TJ 2324.0 44   SD Micro TJ1300 + TJ 50/50 Selby, Liquid TJ 2228.5 44   Micromix SD Micro Control  1978.3 a 44 a Average TJ 1300  2082.8 b   44.75 a TJ 1300 + TJ  2173.3 b   45.5 a Micromix CV %   10.58  4.67 LSD (0.05)  104.1 NS

Soybean Liquid Chelate Micro-Nutrient Fertilizer Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the soybean variety Pioneer 91B52 a location near Groton, S. Dak. The purpose of the trial was to compare the compatibility and yield benefit of the biocontrol preparation TJ1300 in combination with a liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer vs. the liquid chelate alone vs. an untreated control. Yield in bushels per acre was used as the measure of the treatment response. The liquid chelate micro-nutrient fertilizer is sold commercially under the Trademark TJ Micromix™. Biocontrol treatments were prepared by adding 1×10⁸ CFU per gram to a wettable powder (Mycotech, Inc). Twenty-five grams of the wettable powder was then added to 10 gallons of water and applied in the seed furrow at a rate of 10 gallons per acre to establish treatment TJ1300. Twenty-five grams of the wettable powder was added to 1.5 quarts of liquid chelate TJ Micromix and the combination added to water to form a 10 gallon solution and applied in the seed furrow at a rate of 10 gallons per acre. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 175,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at the location. The entries were as follows:

Control—no treatment

TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

TJ1300+TJ Micromix—Liquid chelate TJ Micromix+50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

Result: As shown in Table 13, TJ Micromix liquid and the combination of TJ Micromix plus TJ 1300 both gave soybean a significant increase in yield. TJ 1300+TJ Micromix produced an additional numerical but non significant increase in yield over the TJ Micromix alone.

Conclusion: TJ 1300+TJ Micromix is a viable means of biocontrol deliver on soybean and is a viable means of increasing the yield of soybean.

TABLE 13 Effect of TJ1300 Liquid Biological Treatment Plus Liquid TJ Micromix Fertilizer on Yield of Soybean Variety 91B52 Treatment Ratio Location Trial Yield Control 0/0 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 54.2 a Micromix TJ 1300 50/50 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 60.8 b Micromix TJ1300 + TJ 50/50 Groton, SD Liquid TJ 61.8 b Micromix Micromix CV %  8.92 LSD (0.05)  4.19

Soybean Dry Granule Micro-Nutrient Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using the soybean variety Pioneer 91B52 at a location near Groton, S. Dak. The purpose of the trial was to compare the compatibility and yield benefit of the biocontrol preparation TJ1300 in combination with a dry granule micro-nutrient fertilizer vs. the micro-nutrient fertilizer alone vs. a control with no micro-nutrient fertilizer. Soybean yield in bushels per acre was used to measure the treatment response. The micro-nutrient fertilizer is sold commercially under the Trademark TJ Micromix™. Biocontrol treatments were prepared by adding 1×10⁵ CFU per seed. The seed was planted at a seeding rate of 175,000 seeds per acre in 30-inch rows in a randomized, replicated block. TJ Micromix™ was applied at a rate of 20 pounds per acre. Each entry was replicated four times. The pathogen levels were natural populations at each location. The entries were as follows:

-   -   Control: Maxim     -   TJ Micromix     -   TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 or 1BE         and T. virens G1-3     -   TJ Micromix+TJ 1300—50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens         TJ1000 or 1BE and T. virens G1-3

Results: As shown in Table 14, in this trial, the Granular TJ Micromix produced a significant yield increase compared to the control. When the seed-applied biocontrol treatment TJ1300 was applied in combination with the TJ Micromix, the treatment resulted in a significant increase in yield as compared to the control but not significantly different from the TJ Micromix application alone. The yield of the TJ 1300+TJ Micromix was numerically higher.

Conclusion: TJ 1300 is compatible with micro-nutrient applications and is a viable tool to increase the yield of soybean.

TABLE 14 Effect of TJ1300 Biological Seed Treatment Plus Dry Granule TJ Micromix Fertilizer on Yield of Soybean Variety 91B52 Treatment Ratio Location Trial Yield Control 0/0 Groton, SD TJ Micro 54.2 a TJ Micromix 0/0 Groton, SD TJ Micro 61.6 b Granule TJ 1300 50/50 Groton, SD TJ Micro 62.5 b TJ 1300 + TJ 50/50 Groton, SD TJ Micro 63.3 b Micromix CV %  8.92 LSD (0.05)  4.19

Spring Wheat Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted using Russ Spring wheat at a location near Kensal, N. Dak. The purpose of the trial was to test biocontrol TJ 1300 on spring wheat against an untreated control. The biocontrol TJ 1300 was applied to the seed so as to achieve an application rate of 2.5×10⁹ CFU per acre. The plot was planted in a randomized, replicated block design with each entry replicated three times.

Result: As shown in Table 15, the entry TJ 1300 produced a non-significant yield increase. The conclusion was that TJ 1300 may be of value as a seed treatment on wheat.

TABLE 15 Effect of TJ1300 Biological Seed Treatment Plus Fertilizer on Russ Spring Wheat Treatment Ratio Location Trial Yield Control 0/0 Kensal, MM 43.8 ND 1300 50/50 Kensal, MM 44.0 ND CV %  7.52 LSD (0.05) NS

Field Peas Working Example

Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted to compare the biocontrol treatment TJ 1300 to a non-treated control on field peas. The seed was treated with the biocontrol agent to achieve an application of 2.5×10⁹ CFU per acre. Yield response was measured as pounds per acre.

Results: As shown in Table 16, the entry TJ 1300 produced a non-significant yield increase in field peas. The conclusion was that TJ 1300 may be an effective tool to increase the yield of field peas.

TABLE 16 Effect of TJ1300 Biological Seed Treatment on Yield of Integra Field Pea Treatment Ratio Rep Location Trial Yield Test weight Control 0/0 Ave Carrington, Pea 3590.0 62.9 of 3 ND 1300 50/50 Ave Carrington, Pea 3613.0 63.5 of 3 ND CV % 7 0.5 LSD (0.05) ns Ns

Increased Manganese Uptake Working Example

A surprising aspect of the subject invention is that plants that grow from seeds treated with the disclosed combination experience increased uptake of manganese. The protective nature of increased manganese uptake is documented in Project S-269: Biological Control and Management of Soilborne Plant Pathogens for Sustainable Crop Production, 5^(th) International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. Jul. 11-15 1999. Vienna, Austria, p. 1086-1087. Dr. Don Huber of Purdue University has documented the connection between an imbalance in the ratio of nitrogen to manganese and the incidence of stalk rot in corn. (Huber D. 2000. “Hidden Hunger” threatens many crops. Purdue News. Online at WWW URL purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/0012.Huber.deficiency.html or news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/0012.Huber.deficiency.html

The disclosed combination of Trichoderma virens and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for the purpose of plant pathogen control and increased plant yield thus has unexpected characteristics. The first is the fact that the combination produces an increase in yield, not just plant protection from the pathogen. Plant tissue analysis from test plots presented in Tables 17 and 18 below show an unexpected trend toward higher nutrient intake of a nutrient, manganese.

The treatments that produced the surprising results shown in Table 17 are defined as follows:

bs-unt-bt=Brookings, S. Dak. location-no treatment on the seed-Bt variety of corn

bs-max-bt=Brookings, S. Dak. location-chemical fungicide Maxim on the seed-Bt variety of corn

bs-1000-bt=Brookings, S. Dak. location-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 on the seed-Bt variety

bs-0300-bt=Brookings, S. Dak. location-Trichoderma virens G1-3 on the seed-Bt variety of corn

bs-1300-bt=Brookings, S. Dak. location-B. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 and T. virens G1-3 (1 to 1 ratio) on the seed-Bt variety of corn

bs-1310-bt=Brookings, S. Dak. location-B. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 and T. virens G1-3 (7 to 3 ratio) on the seed-Bt variety of corn

bs-66/300-bt=Brookings, S. Dak. location-B. lentimorbus and T. virens G1-3 (1 to 1 ratio) on the seed-Bt variety of corn

The term “Bt” is defined as: A corn hybrid that has been genetically modified by the insertion of a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. The inserted gene produces a protein that will kill European corn bore that feed on the plant tissue.

TABLE 17 Effects of Treatments on Plant Mineral Content on Bt Variety of Corn at Brookings SD Location Concentration Treatment N P K Mg Ca S Na Fe Mn B Cu Zn bs-unt-bt 3.43 0.39 1.65 0.66 1.11 0.29 0.003 110 105 17 18 32 bs-max-bt 3.42 0.43 2.10 0.56 0.91 0.27 0.005 117 91 14 18 29 bs-1000-bt 3.44 0.40 2.10 0.52 0.86 0.24 0.004 96 91 12 13 25 bs-300-bt 3.38 0.41 2.02 0.58 1.00 0.27 0.004 97 98 12 14 25 bs-1300-bt 3.36 0.43 1.89 0.66 1.11 0.27 0.004 118 134 13 16 28 bs-1310-bt 3.45 0.41 1.69 0.59 1.02 0.25 0.004 182 106 16 15 27 bs-66/300-bt 3.30 0.42 2.19 0.58 1.04 0.27 0.004 112 107 16 15 29

The treatments that produced the surprising results in Table 18 are defined as follows:

bl-unt-non=Brookings location-no treatment on the seed-non Bt variety of corn (non Bt can also be described as: non genetically modified)

bl-max-non=Brookings location-chemical fungicide Maxim on the seed-non Bt variety of corn

bl-1000-non=Brookings location-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 on the seed-non Bt variety of corn

bl-300-non=Brookings location-Trichoderma virens G1-3 on the seed-non Bt variety of corn

bl-1300-non=Brookings location-B. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 and T. virens G1-3 on the seed (1 to 1 ratio)-non Bt variety of corn (one of the claimed combinations)

bl-1310-non=Brookings location-B. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 and T. virens G1-3 on the seed (7 to 3 ratio)-non Bt variety of corn

bl-66/300-non=Brookings location-B. lentimorbus and T. virens G1-3 on the seed (1 to 1 ratio)-non Bt variety of corn

TABLE 18 Effects of Treatments on Plant Mineral Content on Non Bt Variety of Corn at Brookings SD Location Concentration Treatment N P K Mg Ca S Na Fe Mn B Cu Zn bl-unt-non 3.33 0.39 1.93 0.55 0.85 0.21 0.005 76 103 12 13 24 bl-max-non 3.28 0.48 2.39 0.62 0.92 0.24 0.007 101 116 12 15 28 bl-1000-non 3.14 0.51 2.39 0.64 0.95 0.25 0.008 103 115 12 15 26 bl-300-non 3.19 0.48 2.21 0.65 0.93 0.24 0.009 95 99 15 15 24 bl-1300-non 3.38 0.48 2.43 0.60 0.96 0.25 0.006 111 137 13 15 26 bl-1310-non 3.21 0.46 2.18 0.68 1.03 0.26 0.007 108 117 18 16 25 bl-66/300-non 3.23 0.43 1.96 0.61 0.86 0.23 0.009 93 95 11 13 25

Manganese is known in the art as a disease prevention micronutrient. However, if manganese is added to fertilizer and applied to corn, the expected result is a decrease in yield. The significance of the subject invention is that it increases the manganese content of the corn plant while increasing yield. Furthermore, the increase in the manganese content in the plant does not occur with either organism alone or when the Trichoderma virens is combined with a different organism (e.g., treatment 66/300) or the formulation of the mixture is altered (e.g., treatment 1310). This increase in manganese content of the plant tissue is documented in tables 1 and 2 above on Bt (genetically modified) corn and conventional (non-genetically modified) corn. Tissue analysis of the corn in the charts above was done after the silking and pollination of the corn, documenting that this increase in manganese continues into the late stages of growth. Late season intake is significant because the lack of manganese in the plant is implicated in mid to late season stalk rot.

Data from disclosed combinations of the Trichoderma with other bacteria strains show that other combinations tested did not increase the manganese levels to the level of the present invention. It is surprising that neither organism alone increased the manganese level in the tissue of the corn. Only seed treatment with the claimed combination of the T. virens G1-3 fungus and the B. amyloliquefaciens bacterium increase the manganese level in the tissue of both the Bt and non-Bt corn.

Consistency of Increased Yield Working Example

Another surprising aspect of the subject invention is unexpected consistency of increased yield: (1) consistency compared to either organism alone, in that our field trial results show the claimed combination to be significantly higher in yield over the control in both individual locations and multiple location and either organism alone did not produce a significant yield response over the control; (2) consistency across geography, in that the field trial results show the combination to be effective in a number of geographies from North Dakota to Arizona; and (3) consistency of higher yield in a more than one crop, in that the field data collected on corn, soybeans, sunflowers and wheat show significant increased in yield with the claimed combination. Field trial results are presented in the above working examples. The results of those field trials produced a surprisingly consistent yield response, and consistency is what is commercially important.

The disclosed combination of microorganisms gives more consistent yield response than either microorganism alone. The claimed combination produces a consistent increase in yield over a range of conditions while alone the microorganisms do not. The data in the patent application show this, but the data presented in Table 19 below that was produced at the experiment station in Carrington, N. Dak. show this effect.

TABLE 19 Consistency of Yield Response 2000 2001 2002 3 YR Control 96.9 146 87.7 110.2 Bacillus 93.3 150 94.9 112.7 T. virens 94.7 162 88.5 115.1 QuickRoot 105.6 156 90.4 117.3 1310 89.5 151 88.5 109.6 In Table 19, the treatments are defined as follows:

Control=chemical fungicide Maxim

Bacillus=B. amyloliquefaciens alone

T. virens=T. virens G1-3 alone

Quick Root=QuickRoots™ is the product name of the claimed combination of T. virens G1-3 and B. amyloliquefaciens

1310=T. virens G1-3 and B. amyloliquefaciens at a 7:3 ratio.

The column headings in Table 19 denote the year of the trial with “3YR” indicating the average treatment response for the combined three years. Note that in 2000, seed treatment with the individual organisms alone (the individual components of the claimed combination) produced yields that were less than control. In 2001, seed treatment with individual organisms both produced yields that were greater than the control as did the claimed combination. In 2002, seed treatment with the individual organisms produced yields that were greater than the control and again the claimed combination increased yield as well.

The North Dakota data presented in Table 19 document consistency in two of ways. First, in reviewing year 2000 data, neither the Bacillus bacteria (1000) seed treatment nor the Trichoderma fungi (G1-3) seed treatment by themselves produced a positive yield response; but the claimed combination did produce a positive response. Two negative responses added together do not produce a positive. Synergism is what creates positive response from two negatives. In years 2001 and 2002, the performance of treatments with the bacteria and the fungi traded places as the top seat while the performance of the claimed combination performed between treatments with the individual components. Overall, the consistent performance of the claimed combination gave the largest yield advantage because of consistency of response. These data are from the same location; only weather changed from season to season. The Bacillus alone seed treatment did not perform well at all in the average and the Trichoderma alone seed treatment only averaged well because it had one great performance out of three.

Presented in Table 20 is a compilation of data from three years of field trials, 63 entries, at 12 locations. The test plots were located at North Dakota State University, University of Arizona, and Colorado State University. This compilation clearly shows the 50/50 combination of B. amyloliquefaciens+T. virens (one of the claimed combinations) produces a significantly higher yield than the control and than either organism alone. It should be noted that while the individual components show a numerical increase in yield, it is a non-significant increase at a 0.05 rejection level while the claimed combination is significant at a 0.05 rejection level.

TABLE 20 QuickRoots ™ Effect on Corn Yield in Replicated Field Trials. 3 Year Average Evaluating QuickRoots ™/Maxim vs. Maxim Treatment Moisture Yield Pricing Advantage Control 17.5 154.77 $300.25 B. amyloliquefaciens 17.5 158.7 $307.88 $7.62 alone T. virens alone 17.4 158.81 $308.57 $8.31 B. amyloliquefaciens + 17.5 161.62 $313.54 $13.29 T. virens combined 50/50 Mean 17.5 158.88 $307.56 CV (%) 23.3 21.7 LSD (0.05)      .19(NS) 5.05

Corn Variety NK 2555 Treatment with Other Strains Working Example

Materials and Methods: For these studies Trichoderma virens G1-21 (an isolate that is commercially available from Thermo Trilogy Corporation) and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24 (a strain that is commercially available from Earth Biosciences, Inc.) were selected. The plot entries (treatments) were as follows:

Treatment A—Control (MAXIM, industry standard fungicide seed treatment)

Treatment B—T. virens G1-3+Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000

Treatment C—T. virens G1-21+Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000

Treatment D—T. virens G1-3+Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24

Treatment E—T. virens G1-21+Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24

The treatments were applied to corn seed (NK 2555) at equal rates of at least 1×10⁶ fungal spores and 1×10⁶ bacterial spores per seed. Previous field trials had confirmed that Treatment B produced an unexpected synergism that consistently and significantly increased yield in plants. The follow up field trials were conducted with the same test protocol as the initial trials and set up as a randomized-replicated block.

Results: Presented in Table 21 are the results of this trial. In this trial, all of the T. virens-Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens combinations produced a numerically positive response. These results gave strong indication that combinations of T. virens and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens produce a synergistic effect that is similar to that discovered when Trichoderma virens G1-3 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 were combined and placed in the vicinity of the seed.

TABLE 21 Treatment of Corn Variety NK 2555 with Other Strains and Isolates Treatment Test Weight Moisture Yield A 55.9 21.8 173.6 B 56.9 20.4 177.2 C 56.9 20.3 183.2 D 56.3 20.9 181.1 E 55.7 20.6 182.2 C.V. 5.4 LSD .05 16.3

Corn Variety NK 3030 Bt Treatment with Other Strains Working Example

This trial compared the treatment of Trichoderma virens G1-3 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 vs. Trichoderma virens GL-21 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24 vs. a control (Maxim, industry standard fungicide seed treatment). Plot entries were as follows:

Treatment A—Control (MAXIM, industry standard fungicide seed treatment)

Treatment B—T. virens G1-3 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000

Treatment C—T. virens G1-21 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24

Materials and Methods: Corn seed (NK 3030 Bt) was treated at the same rate of Bacillus and Trichoderma as in the previous working example and the seed was planted in a randomized-replicated block design.

Results: Presented in Table 22 are the results of this trial. In this trial, the yields of Treatments B and C were significantly greater than the control. Treatment B was numerically superior to Treatment C but not significantly. The results of this trial also indicated that other combinations of T. virens and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens can be expected to show a synergistic response.

TABLE 22 Treatment of Corn Variety NK 3030 Bt with Other Strains and Isolates Treatment Test Weight Moisture Yield A 52.5 21.5 172.1 B 54.6 21.5 210.0 C 55.3 21.6 192.8 C.V. 8.09 LSD .05 19.43

Combined Trials with Other Strains Working Example

This example compared the same treatments as the previous working example, which were as follows: Trichoderma virens G1-3 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000 vs. Trichoderma virens G1-21 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24 vs. a control (MAXIM). This trial differed from the previous working example because it compared 43 entries from 12 locations and 6 different corn hybrids. Plot entries were as follows:

Treatment A—Control (MAXIM, industry standard fungicide seed treatment)

Treatment B—T. virens G1-3 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000

Treatment C—T. virens G1-21 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24

Materials and Methods: Seed was treated the same as in the previous two trials and each location was randomized and replicated.

Results: Presented in Table 23 are the results of this trial. This trial used a larger data set and revealed that the yield increase with the originally discovered combination of Treatment B (Trichoderma virens G1-3 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000) is significantly greater than the control while the yield increase with Treatment C (T. virens G1-21 and Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24) is not significantly greater, even at the 0.20 rejection level. However, Treatment C did not show a numerical yield decrease nor did it show a significant yield decrease compared to the control. A yield decrease compared to the control would most likely have occurred if the microorganisms in the combination were antagonistic to each other. This result clearly showed that the original discovery (Treatment B) was superior to the Treatment C. The result also showed that Treatment C is a potentially beneficial treatment.

TABLE 23 Treatment with Other Strains and Isolates Treatment Yield in Bushels per Acre A 153.84 B 160.63 C 156.36 C.V. 3.42 LSD .20 4.4

Many variations of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. Some variations include non-competitive culturing of the biocontrol organisms. Other variations call for competitive culturing. All such variations are intended to be within the scope and spirit of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A seed assembly, comprising: spores from a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain ATCC BAA-390 bacterium and spores from a Trichoderma virens isolate ATCC 58678 fungus adhered to a plant seed, the bacterial and fungal spores selected based on results from field trials that indicate the spores from the bacterium and the spores from the fungus act synergistically to produce an increased yield in plants grown from the plant seed.
 2. The seed assembly of claim 1, where the spores from the bacterium and the spores from the fungus are adhered to the plant seed by an adhesive.
 3. The seed assembly of claim 2, where the number of spores adhered to the plant seed is at least 10⁵.
 4. The seed assembly of claim 1, where the plant seed includes corn, sunflower, soybean and wheat.
 5. The seed assembly of claim 1, including one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, acaricide and nematicide.
 6. A seed assembly, comprising: a plant seed; spores from a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium strain ATCC BAA-390, strain FZB24, or mutants thereof, adhered to the plant seed by an adhesive; and spores from a Trichoderma virens fungus isolate ATCC 58678, isolate G1-21, or mutants thereof, adhered to the plant seed by the adhesive; the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium and Trichoderma virens fungus selected based on results from field trials that indicate the spores from the bacterium and the spores from the fungus act synergistically to produce an increased yield in plants grown from the plant seed; and the seed assembly not containing additional nutrients.
 7. The seed assembly of claim 6, where the number of spores adhered to the plant seed is at least 10⁵.
 8. The seed assembly of claim 6, where the plant seed includes corn, sunflower, soybean or wheat.
 9. The seed assembly of claim 6, including one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, acaricide and nematicide.
 10. A seed assembly, comprising: a plant seed; spores from a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacterium, the bacterium including one of strain ATCC BAA-390, strain FZB24, or mutants thereof; spores from a Trichoderma virens fungus, the fungus including one of isolate ATCC 58678, isolate G1-21, or mutants thereof; and an adhesive that adheres the spores to the plant seed; the seed assembly not containing additional nutrients.
 11. The seed assembly of claim 10, where the number of spores adhered to the plant seed is at least 10⁵.
 12. The seed assembly of claim 10, where the where the plant seed includes corn, sunflower, soybean and wheat.
 13. The seed assembly of claim 10, including one or more of a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, acaricide and nematicide. 